雅鲁藏布江流域水体重金属含量特征及来源解析

青藏高原是一个典型的高原地区，为大约14亿人口提供水源，雅鲁藏布江（雅江）是青藏高原南部的一条重要河流，在水资源供给和水循环过程中扮演着关键角色。为了探究雅江的重金属浓度水平，本研究基于2020年丰水期和枯水期雅江流域水体中重金属浓度数据，利用多元统计模型和健康风险模型，阐明了雅江流域水体重金属的时空分布、来源分析、含量特征和健康风险。本研究的主要发现如下：在丰水期和枯水期，雅江流域分别有12.78%和32.67%的采样点的砷（As）浓度超过中国饮用水标准（GB5749，2006）和世界卫生组织（2017）规定的饮用水重金属最大允许浓度（MAC）。少数采样点的Mn、Fe和Ni浓度在两个雨季均超过了MAC，其余重金属浓度则未超过MAC。健康风险评估结果显示，重金属对儿童的非致癌和致癌健康风险均高于成人，且枯水期的重金属健康风险高于丰水期，As的健康风险远高于其他重金属元素。多元统计分析结果表明，雅江流域水体中重金属的来源复杂，丰水期和枯水期之间的重金属来源没有显著差异，Co、Ni、Mn、As和Cd主要来自自然来源，而Cr和Fe则来自混合来源。重金属的空间分布受到季节变化的显著影响，且与水体理化参数（如水温、pH、溶解氧、总溶解固体和氧化还原电位）存在复杂的相关关系。在丰水期，部分重金属之间显示出强烈的正相关性，而枯水期则表现为更为显著的正或负相关，这可能与水量变化和地下水补给的性质有关。主成分分析揭示了重金属主要来源的多样性，指出了自然来源（如基岩风化和地热水）对雅江流域水体重金属浓度的影响。此外，聚类分析结果也支持了主成分分析的发现，进一步强化了对重金属来源和行为的理解。本研究的结果为雅江流域重金属的地球化学行为及水资源开发与利用提供了数据基础和理论支持。

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