微塑料对深圳潮滩土壤中雌激素赋存特征及迁移的影响

随着社会经济的高速发展，微塑料和雌激素这两类新污染物在环境中检出频繁。研究表明，微塑料和雌激素对生态环境和人类健康具有潜在的威胁，并且微塑料能够改变雌激素在土壤中原有的环境行为，导致两类污染物对生态环境和人类健康的影响更加复杂。沿岸河口潮滩连接陆上和海洋，是重要的物质交换媒介，也是污染物的汇集场所。微塑料和雌激素在沿岸河口潮滩汇集，会影响沿岸生态环境，同时微塑料的存在会影响雌激素从潮滩向海洋的迁移过程。因此本研究选取深圳典型的16个沿岸河口潮滩为研究对象，分析土壤中微塑料的丰度、粒径和形状的赋存情况及空间分布特征，并使用污染负荷指数对河口潮滩中的微塑料进行了风险评估；揭示了雌酮（E1）、17β-雌二醇（E2）和17α-乙炔基雌二醇（EE2）三种典型雌激素在沿岸潮滩土壤中的赋存情况和空间分布特征，并以雌激素活性当量为指标进行了污染评估；利用土柱淋溶实验装置，选取聚乙烯（PE）和聚苯乙烯（PS）两种典型的微塑料作为土壤中的共存污染物，探究这两种微塑料对E2和EE2迁移的影响。主要结论如下：

微塑料在深圳沿岸河口潮滩中普遍存在，丰度范围为1200 – 4700 n/kg，平均值为4588 n/kg。微塑料形状主要分为纤维、碎片、薄膜和颗粒类，其中纤维类的占比最高为44.61%，其次是碎片类为41.75%，二者总占比达到了80%以上。微塑料以小尺寸为主（粒径 < 0.5 mm），占比为54.63%。深圳东部和西部沿岸河口潮滩中微塑料在丰度、形状和粒径这些指标上不存在显著性差异，但微塑料在各采样点存在严重的分布不均，这可能是由各采样点的人为活动、地理地势以及周边环境的不同所导致的。此外，污染负荷指数结果表明，深圳潮滩微塑料呈重度污染。

三种雌激素E1、E2和EE2在深圳沿岸河口潮滩中均被检出，E1、E2和EE2的浓度范围分别为0.05 – 1.34ng/g、N.D. – 5.10 ng/g和0.10 – 3.74 ng/g，其平均浓度分别为0.55 ng/g、0.74 ng/g和1.31 ng/g。各采样点雌激素的分布呈现差异性。西部沿岸潮滩土壤中E1浓度显著高于东部，而E2和EE2则不存在显著性差异。雌激素活性当量结果显示，EEQ范围为0.08 – 5.43 ng/g，深圳近岸河口潮滩中E2和EE2共同贡献了超过95%的总雌激素活性，具有一定的风险。

室内土柱淋溶实验显示，E2土柱淋溶过程中，淋出液中检出了E1，而EE2在淋溶过程中则较为稳定，淋出液中并未检出其它几种雌激素。添加PE微塑料的E2土柱，与未添加PE微塑料的E2土柱相比较，E2淋溶滤出曲线出峰较提前，转化生成的E1和E2的淋出总量分别提高24.34%和57.67%；二者总淋出总量显著提高32.65%。添加PS微塑料的E2土柱淋溶滤出液中，E2低于检测限，仅检测到了少量E1，且E2转化生成E1的淋溶滤出曲线出峰延后；与未添加PE微塑料的E2土柱相比较，淋出总量显著降低581.25%。

PE和PS微塑料会对EE2在土壤中的迁移产生影响。分别添加PE或者PS微塑料的EE2土柱淋溶结果表明，其淋出总量没有显著性差异；但与未添加的土柱相比，EE2淋溶滤出曲线出峰均延后，EE2淋出总量分别显著提高64.08%和83.72%。

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