林火三要素对受热土壤溶解有机质特性的 影响规律研究

在当前全球变暖和人类活动加剧的背景下，森林火灾的频率和强度显著上升。受火灾加热过程影响，土壤中大量受热土壤溶解有机质（DOM）形成并进入水生态系统。因此，受热土壤DOM成为全球碳循环过程中的重要要素。此外，受热土壤DOM不仅是火灾后生态系统恢复过程中土壤微生物群落的重要营养底物，还是导致流域内饮用水质量下降的消毒副产物的重要前体物。受热土壤DOM特性受土壤火烧严重度的影响，而土壤火烧严重度主要受林火三要素（加热温度、氧气浓度、燃料类型）所控制。目前，大多研究主要集中在加热温度对土壤有机质的影响，而在林火三要素对受热土壤DOM特性的综合影响规律方面有待深入挖掘。因此，揭示林火三要素不同程度影响下受热土壤DOM特性变化规律，对评估和理解受热土壤DOM介导的碳循环和生态环境效应具有重要意义。

本文旨在通过室内模拟实验，结合多种谱学分析技术，探讨林火三要素对受热土壤DOM特性的影响规律。首先，基于对森林O层有机覆盖和A层矿质土壤的梯度加热（150-500 ℃，25 ℃为梯度）控制实验，揭示不同加热温度水平下受热土壤DOM特性的变化规律。确定两个代表性温度（中低温：250 ℃；高温：400 ℃）之后，阐明在250 和400 ℃加热条件下，不同氧气浓度水平下（0%至21%）森林O层有机覆盖层和A层矿质土壤DOM特性的变化规律。最后，在250和400 ℃有氧加热条件下，厘清不同燃料类型（不同土壤来源）影响下受热土壤DOM特性的变化规律。主要研究结果如下：

DOM产量随温度升高先增后减，其中溶解性有机碳（DOC）最大产量的温度阈值（TTmax）和产量由正转负的转折温度阈值（TT0）在O层和A层中存在差异。O层有机覆盖层的TT0低于A层矿质土壤层，暗示O层土壤往往缺乏矿物质保护从而经历更强烈的热反应。在分子层面，DOM各分子组分之间的温度阈值有所不同：碳水化合物和脂肪族化合物TT0最低，随后是多肽化合物和多酚化合物，稠环芳香化合物TT0最高。在加热温度低于TT0的温度时，特别是在TTmax时，加热增加DOM的产量，特别是微生物可利用组分，这为土壤微生物群落提供更多的营养底物。这些结果揭示了受热土壤DOM特性在森林火灾加热过程中随加热温度的非线性变化特征。

O层和A层土壤DOC含量随着氧气浓度增加而增加。同时，DOM的芳香性以及稠环芳香化合物的相对丰度也随氧气浓度的增加而增加，而DOM微生物可利用性以及多肽化合物和脂肪族化合物的相对丰度则有所降低。此外，与400 ℃相比，在250 ℃加热下的DOC含量、DOM分子量、DOM微生物可利用性和DOM分子组分的变化对氧气浓度变化的敏感性更高。氧气浓度的增加促进了DOM中羧基化反应的发生，是形成稠环芳香化合物的关键因素。最后，研究揭示了DOM的特性变化与氧气浓度、加热温度以及燃料类型（O层有机覆盖层和A层矿质土壤层）之间存在复杂的相互作用。

随着土壤pH值增加，在250和400 ℃加热下土壤DOC含量增加，DOM芳香性降低。DOM生物可利用性以及脂肪族和多肽化合物的含量在250 ℃加热条件下随土壤pH增加；然而，在400 ℃加热条件下，这些参数随土壤pH变化相对稳定。相关分析表明，初始土壤pH值和DOC含量的变化量成正比，而初始铁矿物含量与DOC含量变化成反比。此外，铁矿物含量的增加导致DOC含量降低的趋势与碱性土壤（铁矿物含量低）中DOC含量普遍高于酸性土壤（铁矿物含量高）的现象相互印证。然而，在250 ℃加热条件下，铁矿物含量的增加导致DOM芳香性降低与碱性土壤中DOM芳香性低于酸性土壤的现象形成了鲜明对比。同时，铁矿物含量的增加导致微生物可利用性增加的趋势与碱性土壤中DOM微生物可利用性普遍高于碱性土壤的现象相悖。这些结果表明，铁矿物含量在解释不同pH值土壤受热后DOM特性差异方面起到了一定作用，但并非唯一因素。

综上所述，本研究提出了不同加热温度影响下受热土壤DOM组分与特性变化的温度阈值概念，揭示了氧气浓度对受热土壤DOM芳香性增强的影响，并刻画了不同pH值和铁矿物含量土壤受热后DOM特性的变化规律。这些发现深化了对森林火灾如何影响受热土壤DOM生物地球化学过程的理解，为火灾后土壤微生物群落的恢复和环境质量的评估提供了重要科学依据。

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