典型海洋土体-结构界面的剪切性能试验研究

本研究致力于研究典型海洋土体与结构界面的剪切特性，包括剪切强度以及土体内部有效应力变化等，探究基于光纤光栅（FBG）传感技术的海底土体与海洋基础设施的有效监测手段，为应对复杂海洋环境中的工程基础安全与设施监测挑战提出新的解决方案。本文围绕以上研究目标开展了试验和分析，具体工作及创新如下：

首先，采用多功能海底沉积物循环剪切系统进行了一系列钙质砂直剪试验和砂-钢界面试验，揭示了海床分布广泛的钙质砂剪切特性，分析了温度及表面粗糙度对钙质砂内部剪切行为和钙质砂-钢界面剪切行为的影响，构建了一个新非线性函数以描述钙质砂-钢表面界面摩擦角与钙质砂内摩擦角之间的关系，为建造于钙质砂海床的海洋工程设计提供了技术指导。

其次，设计并研发了一种新型三维有效应力传感器，能够直接测量海洋饱和土体中竖向和侧向有效应力，并在实验室中进行了传感器测试和标定。新型有效应力传感器不仅可以精确测量复杂静荷载作用下有效应力的演化，还可准确测量循环荷载下有效应力的周期性变化规律。相较于传统传感器，新型有效应力传感器测量数据所计算的侧向土压力系数更加稳定。新型有效应力传感器可为海洋工程结构提供更全方面的监测数据，有助于完善海洋工程安全评估体系，为海洋工程的长期安全服役提供技术支持。

最后，开展了室内物理模型试验，验证了新型有效应力传感器在海床环境下的适用性和稳定性。试验结果显示：新型传感器能够有效测量深海采矿车采矿过程中履带与土体界面附近微小有效应力变化，为采矿车的结构优化和作业参数调整提供了科学依据，可有效保障采矿效率和行车安全。

本研究探究了两类典型海洋土体与海洋设施结构界面剪切特性，并创新性地开发了适用于复杂海洋环境的新型FBG有效应力传感器，测试了海洋岩土工程领域中光纤光栅传感技术应用的可行性，为海洋工程中海底土体与基础设施间的实时高效监测提供了有效工具。这些成果不仅具有重要的理论意义，而且在工程实践中具有广泛的应用前景。

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