高效导热吸波碳基复合材料的制备及性能研究

随着以 5G 为代表的高频谱通讯时代的到来，通讯设备的集成度、功 耗和通讯带宽也迅速提升，引发了日益严重的电磁波辐射和热聚集问题。 这些问题会导致设备灵敏度与可靠性下降，严重时可造成设备失灵。传统 的方法分别利用热管理材料和电磁兼容材料去解决设备热管理和电磁兼容 的问题，但是随着设备集成度逐渐提高，对多功能热管理电磁兼容复合材 料提出了更高的需求。在实际使用过程中，复合材料的导电碎屑有引起器 件短路的风险，同时复合材料过高电导率会引起电磁波的强烈反射，引发 二次污染的问题。为此，迫切需要一种兼具高热导率、高效电磁波吸收性 能、良好电绝缘性的多功能材料以满足实际使用需求。 本文首先通过外力场取向的方法成功制备了具有取向结构的碳纤维复 合材料，其中取向结构的碳纤维形成了高效导热通路，使复合材料获得高 热导率；其次，通过原位聚合方法，在碳纤维表面包覆一层高电阻率的聚 二乙烯基苯材料，提高了复合材料的绝缘性和阻抗匹配度；最终通过引入 磁性填料，进一步提高了复合材料的电磁波损耗能力，达成了高效电磁波 吸收性能。制得取向结构的碳纤维/氧化铝/硅胶复合材料纵向热导率高达 15.90 W/(m·K)，但碳纤维的高电导性使碳纤维/氧化铝/硅胶复合材料电阻 率过低且与空气阻抗失配。在碳纤维表面原位生长高电阻率的聚二乙烯基 苯，制得取向结构的绝缘化碳纤维/氧化铝/硅胶复合材料，在保持其纵向 热导率为 11.75 W/(m·K)的同时，电阻率显著增加至 1.54 × 1013 Ω·cm，并 具有一定的电磁波吸收性能。进一步引入磁性铁硅铝粉末，制备绝缘化碳 纤维/铁硅铝/硅胶复合材料。在厚度为 2.4 mm 时，有效吸收带宽进一步扩 展到 5.16 GHz（12.84-18 GHz），在 16.81 GHz 时最小反射损耗为-43.54 dB。 同时在 40 Psi 的测试压力下，拥有 6.02 W/(m·K)的高热导率，材料实现了 导热性能、吸波性能、电绝缘性能的最优化

With the advent of the high-frequency spectrum communication era represented by 5G, the integration degree, power consumption and communication bandwidth of communication devices are also rapidly increasing, which brings increasingly serious electromagnetic wave radiation and thermal aggregation problems. Meanwhile, these problem can lead to a decrease in the sensitivity and reliability of the equipment, and in serious cases, it can cause the equipment to malfunction. The traditional method utilizes thermal management materials and electromagnetic compatibility materials to solve the problems of thermal management and electromagnetic compatibility, but the gradual increase in the integration of equipment has put forward an urgent demand for multifunctional thermal management and electromagnetic compatibility composite materials. However, in the actual use process, the conductive debris of composite materials has the risk of causing device short-circuit, and at the same time, the high conductivity of composite materials will cause strong reflection of electromagnetic waves, which will lead to the problem of secondary pollution. For this reason, there is an urgent need for a multifunctional material with high thermal conductivity, efficient electromagnetic wave absorption performance and good electrical insulation to meet the practical needs. In this work, firstly, carbon fiber composites with oriented structure were successfully prepared by the external force field orientation method, in which the oriented structure of carbon fibers formed a highly efficient thermal conductivity pathway, so that the composites obtained high thermal conductivity; secondly, a layer of high-resistivity poly(divinylbenzene) was coated on the surface of carbon fibers by the in-situ polymerization method, so as to improve the high insulating property and impedance matching degree of composites; and ultimately, by the introduction of magnetic fillers, the electromagnetic wave absorption property and good electrical insulation property were further improved. Finally, by introducing magnetic fillers, the electromagnetic wave loss capability of the composites was further improved, and the efficient electromagnetic waveabsorption performance was reached. The longitudinal thermal conductivity of the carbon fiber/Al2O3/silica composites with oriented structure was as high as 15.90 W/(m·K), but the high electrical conductivity of the carbon fibers made the carbon fiber/Al2O3/silica composites with low resistivity and mismatch with air impedance. In situ growth of high-resistivity poly(divinylbenzene) on the surface of carbon fibers produced an insulated carbon fiber/Al2O3/silica composite with an oriented structure, which significantly increased the resistivity to 1.54 × 1013 Ω·cm while maintaining its longitudinal thermal conductivity of 11.75 W/(m·K) and possessed certain electromagnetic wave absorption properties. Magnetic FeSiAl powder was further introduced to prepare insulated carbon fiber/FeSiAl/silica composites. The effective absorption bandwidth further extends to 5.16 GHz (12.84-18 GHz) at a thickness of 2.4 mm, with minimum reflection loss of -43.54 dB at 16.81 GHz while possessing a high thermal conductivity of 6.02 W/(m·K) at a test pressure of 40 Psi. Optimization of thermal conductivity, wave-absorption, and electrical insulation is achieved.

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