High-performance Daytime Radiative Cooler Based on Multilayer Structure

基於多層結構的高性能輻射製冷材料的研究

杨猛

YANG Meng

12069011

博士

机械工程

孙大陟

材料科学与工程系

PAN Chin

香港城市大学

2024-09-04

2024-09-12

香港城市大学

香港

Energy plays an important role in human productivity and life. With the development of technology and the increase in population, easily available energy on earth (fossil fuels) is consumed quickly, causing the serious energy crisis. Besides, the large use of fossil fuels also results in global warming, which causes severe weather and threatens human existence heavily. Therefore, developing new technology to reduce dependence on fossil fuels has become a hot issue globally. Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC), as an electricity-free cooling technology, gets more and more attention. PDRC can cool subjects on the earth surface below the ambient temperature by simultaneously reflecting solar radiance and emitting infrared thermal radiation to the outer space. Although numerous high-performance daytime radiative cooling materials have been developed in recent years, their applicability under different working conditions is usually overlooked. In practice, the application environment of daytime radiative cooling is complex. The conventional daytime radiative cooling materials that only provide a fixed cooling effect can hardly satisfy different needs under different application environments. The mismatching between supply and need actually limits the promotion of daytime radiative cooling. Therefore, this thesis aims to explore the feasible enhanced approaches for conventional radiative cooling materials and then develop various enhanced daytime radiative cooling materials by unique thermal structure design, thus enabling radiative cooling to complex application environments and reducing energy consumption for cooling.

First, we propose a temperature-adaptive radiative cooler by coupling the room-temperature phase change material and the conventional daytime radiative cooler for surface cooling, named phase change material enhanced radiative cooler (PCMRC). The incorporation of phase change material with thermal storage capacity enables the PCMRC to regulate its cooling power. At night, the phase change material undergoing liquid-solid phase change can weaken the overall cooling power of the PCMRC, while in the daytime, the phase change material experiencing solid-liquid phase change can strengthen the overall cooling power. The adjustable cooling power is valuable for areas with large temperature difference between day and night, because it can solve the unwanted overcooling at night and insufficient radiative cooling power during the day. We adopt commercial polyethylene glycol (PEG) 800 and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) films to fabricate the two independent functional layers in the PCMRC. The PCMRC exhibits a high reflectivity of ~0.98 in the solar spectrum and a relatively high emissivity of ~0.75 within the atmospheric transparent window (ATW). The outdoor test results show that the PCMRC achieves an average sub-ambient temperature drop of ~6.3 °C in the daytime and an average temperature rise of ~2.1 °C above the ambient air at night.

Second, we design an enhanced radiative cooling film (J-MRC) with Janus optical properties in the mid-infrared (MIR) region. The different infrared optical properties on the top and bottom sides of the radiative cooling film exhibit significantly different thermal radiation properties. The high MIR emissivity of the top side enables the radiative cooling film to strongly emit thermal radiation to the cold outer space, maximizing the outward heat dissipation, while the low MIR emissivity of the bottom side limits the radiative heat release to the underlying enclosure during the application. The Janus infrared optical properties make the J-MRC suitable for low-temperature space cooling. Compared with the conventional radiative cooling film, the J-MRC can provide effective radiative cooling, while reducing inward heat release, which is harmful to the underlying cold enclosure. Besides, the J-MRC has a porous structure to ensure high solar reflectivity. The spectral results demonstrate that the J-MRC has a high solar reflectivity of 0.954 and a high ATW emissivity of 0.932 from the front, and a low ATW emissivity of 0.215 from the back. The outdoor tests show that the cold enclosure covered with the J-MRC can be up to 1.4 °C lower than that covered with the conventional radiative cooling film.

Third, we develop a flexible bilayer radiative cooling film (FPS8A) with high environmental resistance for practical applications in enclosures. The FPS8A is composed of a polytetrafluoroethylene/silicon dioxide (PTFE/SiO2) fibrous layer and an aluminium (Al) foil layer. The top PTFE/SiO2 fibrous layer exhibits high solar reflectivity and MIR emissivity for surface daytime radiative cooling, while the bottom Al foil layer possesses ultralow MIR emissivity to minimize thermal radiation. Compared with the conventional radiative cooling film, the FPS8A film demonstrates superior cooling performance in enclosed spaces, irrespective of the presence of a low-temperature cold source. Additionally, the FPS8A film shows high resistance to harsh environment conditions, making it well-suited for practical outdoor applications.

To conclude, we propose several enhanced approaches for conventional radiative cooling by analyzing the heat flow around it, and fabricate several advanced radiative cooling materials for different application scenarios. For surface cooling in areas with large temperature difference, we prepare phase change material-enhanced radiative cooling material to achieve cooling power enhancement in the daytime and reduce cooling power at night. For low-temperature space cooling, we develop an enhanced radiative cooling film with Janus optical properties. By decreasing unnecessary heat exchange between cold space and its outside environment, the J-MRC offers better performance for space cooling compared to the conventional radiative cooling material. Further, we develop a flexible radiative cooling film with high environment resistance by incorporating an infrared reflective layer for low-temperature application scenarios. We believe that these enhanced approaches and materials proposed in our works make daytime radiative cooling more practical and effective for real-world use.

Radiative Cooling Cooling Performance Thermal Storage Thermal Radiation

英语

联合培养

2020

2024-10

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人工提交

Yang M. High-performance Daytime Radiative Cooler Based on Multilayer Structure[D]. 香港. 香港城市大学,2024.