HoLens: A visual analytics design for higher-order movement modeling and visualization

Higher-order patterns reveal sequential multistep state transitions, which are usually superior to origin-destination analyses that depict only firstorder geospatial movement patterns. Conventional methods for higher-order movement modeling first construct a directed acyclic graph (DAG) of movements and then extract higher-order patterns from the DAG. However, DAG-based methods rely heavily on identifying movement keypoints, which are challenging for sparse movements and fail to consider the temporal variants critical for movements in urban environments. To overcome these limitations, we propose HoLens, a novel approach for modeling and visualizing higher-order movement patterns in the context of an urban environment. HoLens mainly makes twofold contributions: First, we designed an auto-adaptive movement aggregation algorithm that self-organizes movements hierarchically by considering spatial proximity, contextual information, and temporal variability. Second, we developed an interactive visual analytics interface comprising well-established visualization techniques, including the H-Flow for visualizing the higher-order patterns on the map and the higher-order state sequence chart for representing the higher-order state transitions. Two real-world case studies demonstrate that the method can adaptively aggregate data and exhibit the process of exploring higher-order patterns using HoLens. We also demonstrate the feasibility, usability, and effectiveness of our approach through expert interviews with three domain experts.